Obesity essayEssay Writing Service

Obesity essayEssay Writing Service Obesity essay Obesity essayObesity as a social problem can be seen from many perspectives. Each of the three core sociological theories can be applied to the explanation of the concept of obesity. Using the definition provided by the text, it is possible to categorize obesity as a highly prevalent social problem. Obesity is associated with public concerns regarding the overall health of the nation (Korgen Furst, 2012).   In other words, obesity as a social problem serves concrete social functions. There are many examples of individual and societal factors leading to obesity, such as unhealthy foods, psychological problems, economic problems, poor physical activity, and other factors. The individual and social consequences of doing nothing to address this problem involve the risk of having chronic illnesses (heart failure, diabetes, etc.) poor performance, economic and psychological consequences, and other consequences (Overweight and Obesity, 2014). A conflict theorist would explain the problem of obesity as a â€Å"conflict between the goals of eating enjoyment and the goals of weight control† (Heshmat, 2011, p. 180). A functionalist would explain the problem of obesity as a problem caused by the disorganization of society and the establishment of the so-called social pathology. Each part of society affects other parts, contributing to social instability in the context of eating behaviors (Heshmat, 2011). A symbolic interactionist would explain the problem of obesity as a problem caused by human behavior and symbolic interaction with others. The self is socially constructed; therefore, human behavior is influenced by social interactions. Based on recent research and on my personal reflection on obesity, symbolic interactionism is the most appropriate theoretical perspective regarding my views on obesity (Mooney, 2014). It explains the causes of obesity in a proper way. Obesity influences all aspects of social life. Obese people are often discriminated by others. B esides, obesity is associated with class inequalities, as well as inequalities in incomes and promotions, what leads to low self-esteem. Based on my analysis, it is necessary to conclude that the issue of obesity should be addressed as a social problem.

homosexuality essays

homosexuality essays In 20th century attitude toward gay community was very negative. However, in recent years gay and lesbians are gaining more rights. The biggest problem that homosexuals are facing right now is not being able to adopt a child. There are 22 states where they are allowed to adopt and it is seen there that they are adopting in increasing numbers. Ongoing legal battles over same-sex marriage have drawn increasing public attention to the question of whether lesbian and gay families can raise happy, healthy children. However, there is no evidence that persons sexual orientation will influence the child and make him a worst parent. In order to find out if homosexual couples could raise happy and healthy children, researchers presented a study of lesbian mothers and their children, as well as a comparison group of heterosexual couple and their children. The average age of the children at the time that the study was performed was about 9 years old. The follow up study was in 1990s and the average age of the young people at follow up was about 23 years old. This study was performed in order to see if children who grow up in a family led by a lesbian mother would have disadvantages in terms of their social, psychological and sexual orientation in comparison to children who were raised by heterosexual couple. It was found: 1. Children from lesbian mother families were no more likely than heterosexual families to experience peer pressure during adolescence, and most were able to integrate close friends outside their family life. They also were no more likely to recall being teased specifically about their mother. I think every child gets teased either he is tall or short, thin or fat. 2. Findings relating to the sexual orientation of children are generally that children from lesbian family were not more likely to identify themselves as homosexual or bisexual. 3. In regards to psychological adjustment men and women...

Law, Language, Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law, Language, Power - Essay Example Thus the question that should clients trusts their lawyers to take care of their welfare and their interests? This book is based on the dynamics of professionalism between the client and the lawyer. This book shows how the relationship between the lawyer and the client can be used to draw on the resources of power to set the program of their interaction without either of them being over involved. There is the shift of power between both sides: where it is achieved, power is found through one’s ability to understand how the legal and social worlds are accepted. Both parties examine the efforts needed to create shared meanings on the nature of marriage and the reasons behind marriage failure, legal operation process and the best option for divorce closure (Sarat& Felstiner 43). Rodney king was a black motorist who happened to have been beaten and put under arrest by four white police officers. This scenario was captured by an onlooker and released to the press. Most of the public believed that the four police officers were guilty excessive use of force against Rodney as a new version of the video footage omitted Rodney charging at the police. On the day of acquitting the police officers, riots broke out leaving deaths, injuries and destruction of property ( Sarat& O’Barr 54). This case brought tensions between the police and the African Americans. Rodney’s trial shows how the ability to view a meaningful event lacks transparency and is an activity that is achieved through the use of historical practices. In many settings of work, the environment where the interplay between the situated, embodied relations and use different types of visual images can be investigated systematically. The main focus of their professional analysis of the different types of environmental representations of the visual structure. In King’s case the main evidence was provided in a videotape. Instead of directly proving the

Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writing - Assignment Example I strongly believe that the warm moist space underneath the foreskin is a prime breeding zone for bacteria. Thus, it can harbor organisms that can transmit sexually transmitted diseases. Once a man gets rid of his foreskin, this would be avoided. As well, circumcision is hygienic since once the foreskin is removed, the cheese-like, foul smelling substance will never accumulate. However, this could contribute to infections between partners, and can even cause cancer. Circumcised men find it easy to keep their bodies hygienic contrary to uncircumcised men. It is worth noting that the fact that circumcised men keep off bacteria and other disease causing microorganisms, it is true to say that circumcision reduces transmission of HIV/AIDS. Uncircumcised men are at a higher risk of contracting STIs, than circumcised ones. My view on circumcision has been influenced by medical studies. The basis of these views is primarily medical, and has been proved to be true. After reading a lot of studies regarding circumcision, I came to realize that it promotes healthy living. For this reason, circumcision should be practiced by all men if at all they mind about their

Care provided to victims Essay Example for Free

Care provided to victims Essay Crisis intervention is care provided to victims of a crisis to help them adapt to the new challenges facing them. It is an urgent action taken to assist people overcome trauma resulting from a crisis. A crisis results from disruption of life, as we are accustomed. These disruptions present huge challenges to victims. In response they exhibit different characteristics. While change is constant in society, it presents challenges some of which resolve themselves out and others that require professional help. A crisis intervention center takes care of those who, when faced by these challenges, become disoriented and unstable. (Aguilera, Donna, C, 1998) The crisis facing Danville residents include anxiety, suicidal thoughts and trauma from domestic violence and crime. These problems are precipitated by rampant unemployment due to closure of some firms. The crisis intervention center will assist the community to overcome these challenges. It will have three main objections namely containing the spread of the crisis, controlling the resultant trauma of the crisis and try as much to help the residents adjust to the new challenges. To meet the needs of the residents better the center will be located in poor neighborhoods where the majority of these problems occur. It will operate round the clock in order to offer timely services whenever needed. The center will act promptly when our client is in need. We will take under our care victims of domestic violence or crime and counsel them to overcome their traumatic experience. We will assist to heal the emotional wounds acquired from their experiences. The main aim here will be to stop our clients from taking drastic actions with very negative consequences. Victims of violent acts are most vulnerable immediately after the horrific experience. They cannot think clearly and might take fatal measures. We will reassure encourage them to be more positive. At the crisis intervention center, we will offer residents advice on how to avoid the occurrence of such a problem in the first place. We will identify groups in society that are predisposed to domestic violence, eviction harassment and crime and try to lead them from such activities. We will encourage the vulnerable individuals to take action to avoid such problems when still early rather than wait till its too late The center will also provide clients continued counseling through the recovery period. Our aim is to as much as possible return the clients to the state they were in before the crisis occurred. We will offer them an opportunity to speak out confidentially about their experiences, and their feelings or reactions to the experience. We listen to their problems keenly and offer advice that would help them come to terms with the whole experience. We will organize support groups among the clients so that they can share and reinforce each other. We will also help the victims to move on after their traumatic experience. We will carry out follow up services to ensure full recovery. We will assist them to rebuild their lives providing the necessary encouragement and advice. We will help them to come up with workable solutions that would help them make necessary adjustments in life. We will not force decisions on them rather we will provide an enabling environment. Together we will develop solutions that stop the reoccurrence of the same problem. We will present the victims with the various options facing them and the consequences of each decision. This way they make informed choices. (Flannery, Raymond, et al,2000) Most of the residents who will come to our center will have other problems that are beyond our services. Such cases will be referred to the relevant institutions. Clients with physical injuries will be treated at the local hospital as we offer our services alongside. Those with mental instabilities will be referred to the mental health center for psychiatric help. Those with drug addictions will be referred to agencies that offer detoxification services such as the local Alcohol Anonymous for alcoholics. The center will coordinate with these agencies to provide an all round service. The center will rely on both professional staff and volunteers. Volunteers will be highly welcome due to cost constraints. We will encourage the local community especially past beneficiaries of the center to volunteer. Those who have been through the center will be more willing and optimistic to replicate their recovery on other members of society. We will also appeal to the Danville community to make donations to the center. The community should identify with the center and work for its success. In selecting staff, the center will look for individuals who are open minded and non-judgmental. These should be individuals who believe in the ability of others to change. They must enjoy working with people without any biases along class or race. They must be empathetic to the client’s predicament and possess a never give up attitude. For the professional staff, they need to have academic and professional qualifications from recognizable institutions. They should also be registered with the relevant professional bodies. Reporting skills and some legal knowledge will also be of much relevant. The center will regularly train its staff together with the volunteers. The training will focus on building counseling abilities and skills. We will train them on how to build and maintain client’s trust. Counseling can only take place in if there is enough trust and confidentiality. We also train them how to assist a client to open up listening keenly, non-judgmental attitude, and by softly prodding them. They should also keep reassuring the client. (mentalhealth. samhsa. gov) Offering counseling service is very strenuous and energy sapping work. It can also be very frustrating and heart breaking. Staff members become exhausted and loose motivation. They will face constant pressure as they try to solve clients’ problems. They put in long hours and this hurts their ability to play their other roles in life. Some of the patients may turn abusive while others may keep to their old ways no matter how had the social worker tries. The workers may feel that their effort and sacrifice is not fully appreciated or recognized. All these factors cause burnout. Burnout is a state frustration, loss of hope and a sense of failure. They feel that they cannot take it anymore and will have to quit. The center will put in place measures for the workers avoid or cope with the burnout. It will provide a mentorship program for the staff. The workers will be encouraged to form groups that provide a forum to share experiences and frustrations. We will also encourage them to eat well and engage in leisure activities. The management will also advise them to set their boundaries with their clients. The management will also improve on the work environment while showing appreciation for work well done. (Penson, Richard, T, et al, 2000) References National Mental Health Information Center. Training Manual for Mental Health and Human Services Worker in Major Disasters. Retrieved on18/10/07 from http://mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/publications/allpubs/ADM90-538/tmsection7. asp Flannery, Raymond, B. and Everly, George, S, 2000. Crisis Intervention: A Review. Continuing Education. Retrieved on 10/18/07 from http://www. icisf. org/articles/Acrobat%20Documents/TerrorismIncident/CrsIntRev. pdf Richard T. Penson, Fiona L. Dignan, George P. Canellos, Carol L. Picard, Thomas J. Lynch, Jr. 2000. Burnout: Caring for the Caregivers. The Oncologist, vol5. No5. Retrieved on 10/18/07 from http://theoncologist. alphamedpress. org/cgi/content/full/5/5/425 Aguilera, Donna C, 1998. Crisis Intervention: Theory and Methodology. New York: Mosby, 8ed

lisence to kill :: essays research papers

License to Kill Imagine being in a bar with a few of your good friends. Everyone is drinking and having a good time. You are going to leave and go home, but you friends won't let you because they know the dangers of driving after having a few drinks. Instead they call a cab to give you a ride home. You would be extremely lucky to have such smart friends. Drunk driving is a very serious problem in our society today, but it is becoming socially unacceptable causing the numbers of alcohol related traffic fatalities t o decline considerably. Drunk driving can be very deadly. Yet many people drive while under the influence everyday. Drivers who are drunk are blamed for the loss of as many as twenty-five thousand lives in highway crashes each year and hundreds of thousands of severe injuries. It is thought that drunk drivers have a long history of doing this and many prior arrests. In addition, most of those killed are just innocent victims whose behavior did not contribute to their deaths. These last two statements are both false. On aver age a drunk driver that kills has never been involved in an alcohol related accident before and have no prior convictions for drunk driving. The part about the people killed are just innocent bystanders is unexaggerated also. Most of the drunk drivers victims are the drivers themselves, their often passengers, and the drunken pedestrians and cyclists. Despite this drunk driving is still very dangerous. It is the leading cause of unintentional injury deaths in America today. In fact it is said that about 40 % of the population will be involved in a alcohol related crash during their life. Drunk driving is especially dangerous to young people, who seem to be more involved than others. Drunk driving is the number one cause of death among y oung people, accounting for 20% of all deaths from ages 15 to 20. Drunk driving is such a hard thing to overcome though. In our society alcohol is overwhelmingly accepted as a facilitator of sociable interaction, and the great majority of adults drink. But steps a re being taken and the numbers of deaths are declining. Alcohol-related traffic fatalities have been decreasing lately. As a proportion of all traffic fatalities it has been decreased since 1999. In fact since 1999 the number of alcohol related traffic fatalities has decreased 30%, from 25,165 to 17,699, while alcohol-related traffic fatalities, as a proportion of all traffic fatalities, decreased from 57% to 45%.

The Workforce

The workforce is contingent with the teamwork of personnel and state. The workforce remain the main concern of employers everywhere. All areas of employment are touched by economics and its affected by births, plus the quality of training each person receives. 100 years ago, jobs were manufacturing in nature, what I mean is that individuals worked in factories or on an assembly lines. These types of positions weren't very challenging because it's a situation that was repetitious as the worker repeat steps. Subsequently new technology happens to be more demanding, very aggressive and creative. Women are employed within position that once was considered â€Å"only men were productive in. Work shifts are divided into three shifts for several organizations. They're basically eight hours a shift and the employee usually work forty hours a week. Over the years the workforce has added four generation of workers. This has caused a distinctive effect on the workforce causing them to face the age differences. The HR knows that the workforce of the past consequencely will impact the future status of many organizations. They know that achieving their goal depends on how they hire workers. Also, the facts show that countless people are not retiring but are carrying on working well past the age of 65. HR specialists find that they're having to formulate additional resolutions to link the demands relating to the workforce with the aging workers. Which requires HR specialists to understand and be able to execute ways to create jobs and to fill them with acceptable workers. Meanwhile workers and jobs are always transforming so organizations realize that they have diversity and the skill to maintain a balanced workforce being competent to accomplish their goals for the future of the organization. Also, companies have moved to global level with improved technology and communication. Besides more women employees entered the workforce which was not the state 100 years ago where women lives tended to be centered around their families. During World War I changed who the workforce would use once the men were either volunteering or being drafted to serve in the military which resulted in there was no one to fill the positions. So businesses hired the women to work in the men's place. After showing the factories that the women were capable to carry out the duties that the men could do, but they were paid less for the same job. Since then women have demanded rights for equal pay and equal treatment. Because the workforce have become more diverse with gender, age, and culture it has caused organizations to change how they attain workers and maintain their numbers. The older workers are still present in the workforce is making HR to consider alternative ways for hiring, training, and what type of benefits plans to offer as enticements.Today HR managers needs to spend considerable time and money in training in new technology and keep them updated. The future US workforce groups in 2025 would be mostly aged population over 60 years. The workforce I filled with many kinds of technology such as computers, internet, smart phones and many mobile devices that has opened communication where everything seems to move at the speed of light. Therefore, HR will need to be on their toes to meet every task in the future.

Analyzing Supply of Demand Simulation

Analyzing Supply of Demand Simulation ECO/365 January 31, 2010 Analyzing Supply of Demand Simulation Supply and demand is a significant element of business procedures thus this paper will evaluate how supply and demand affects a business via a simulation provided by the University of Phoenix. In this paper, I will talk about the reasons for changes that occur in supply and demand. I will talk about how shifts in supply and demand influence the organization’s decision making process as well. I will also cover the four key points established within the reading assignments and how they relay to the simulation and how every theory can be related to situations in a workplace environment. This paper will establish how price elasticity of demand influences the decisions of the consumer and the organization. Changes in Supply and Demand There are quite a few factors that influence supply and demand in the simulation. These factors demand for the apartments, the availability of the apartments, the price of the apartments, the quantity of people or renters who are interested. According to the simulation, a demand curve is downward sloping. During the simulation, as the price of the apartments decreased, demand for them increased. The supply curve, however, is sloping upwards. The number of two-bedroom apartments increased as the price increased. An excess in the industry for the apartments make use of downward demands on the price for the apartments. So therefore in order for GoodLife to attract renters, they would need to lower their prices. Shifts that Affect Decision Making The different shifts in supply and demand affects decision making in several ways in regard to the simulation. In the simulation the changes that GoodLife were trying to make as well as the changes in the population of Atlantis had an effect on the supply and demand of the simulation. Since the renters changed their preferences, the demand for the apartments that GoodLife offered decreased. GoodLife then decided to renovate the apartments and make them into condominiums that they could for sell. By doing this, GoodLife caused a decrease in the supply as well as a decrease in the demand. Given that, the supply and demand curve equally moved to the left. Four Key Points Four key points in the simulation were supply and demand, equilibrium, shifts in the supply and demand, and price ceilings. The simulation is based on supply and demand and is very helpful in understanding the different factors that can affect it. According to the simulation, a demand curve is downward sloping. According to our text, a demand curve illustrates how a â€Å"change in the price level will change aggregate expenditures on all goods and services in an economy† (Colander, 2010). In reference to the simulation, as the price for the apartments decreased, demand increased. The supply curve, on the other hand, is upward sloping. The number of two-bedroom apartments increased as the price increased. Equilibrium is a concept in which opposing dynamic forces cancel each other out. In other words, equilibrium can be described as the position at which quantity demanded meet up with the supply that is presented. The quantity demanded will surpass the quantity supplied which can possibly lead to shortages, if prices are below the equilibrium point. At this point, the prices have a tendency to rise in order to increase the supply until the equilibrium is met. A shift in the demand curve can occur because of a change in the income, a change in the price or a change in tastes. A shift in the supply curve can because of change in the costs of production, a change in technology, or a change in price of goods. A price ceiling takes place when the government places a legal limit on how high the price of a product can be. In order for a price ceiling to be successful, it must be put below the market equilibrium. Applying Simulation to Workplace The impact of supply and demand changes can have a big influence over the software industry. The technology involved in the software industry never really stays at the same level because technologies constantly change. However, if you were to take a closer look at things, computers and software evolve about every six months to a year and half; hence the reason technology is the constant factor that prompts change in the software industry. Elasticity of Demand Price elasticity of demand refers to the way prices change in correlation to the demand. People with lower incomes are inclined to have lower price elasticity because they have less money to spend. People with a higher income are inclined to have higher price elasticity since he can afford to spend more money. In both cases, â€Å"ability to pay is negotiated by the intrinsic value of what is being sold. If the thing being sold is in high demand, even a consumer with low price elasticity is usually willing to pay higher prices† (WiseGeek,  2010). Basically, goods or services presented at a lower price lead to a demand for greater quantity. Price elasticity of demand also explains that price becomes more elastic, because consumers can always choose to buy a good or service that is cheaper, in this case, prices will change with demand. In addition to this, completion for a certain good or service can also affect price elasticity of demand because it keeps prices lower. In summary, according to the simulation process, the demand curve is sloping downward, which causes the quantity demand to increase as the price decreases. The suggestion was for the management company to decrease its rental rates, which would therefore increase the demands for apartments. The supply curve is sloping upward, so therefore the quantity supplied increases as the price decreases. As stated, the quantity demanded balances out the quantity supplied at the equilibrium point. Nevertheless, when prices are below equilibrium, the quantity demanded surpasses the quantity supplied. In retrospect, when prices are above equilibrium, quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded, which cause an excess. References 1) WiseGeek. (2010). What is Price Elasticity of Demand?. Retrieved from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-price-elasticity-of-demand. htm

Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions

. There is a need for gestures and facial expressions in order to produce the emotions significance. Facial expressions come naturally to us. We are gifted with them since birth. A newborn baby doesn’t learn gestures form his/her parents. Newborns aren’t taught how to show pain, but the do, sometimes without even crying or screaming. The gestures they produce correspond their expressions, in this case, screaming or crying. When raising a child, parents tend to condition them to certain behaviors. They teach them what is, and we quote, â€Å"right and wrong.† A parent accustoms his/her child to certain facial expressions. If a parent displays a look of anger, the child immediately knows he/she has done something bad. If a parent displays a look of content, the child knows he/she has or is doing something that is good, or all right by the parent. Someone could easily tell what another person is thinking just by looking at his or her gestures. If you were to see someone smiling, automatically you know that the person is happy or something amuses him/her. It’s the same if the person were frowning and slouching; you’d automatically know that the person is feeling depressed or sad. It’s just the same for expressions of anger, surprise, disgust, or any other expression. If a person a person were to give an expression or gesture portraying anguish or distress at his or her birthday party, you’d instantly know that there’s something wrong with the person... Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions Free Essays on Gestures and Facial Expressions Gestures and facial expressions often communicate what words cannot say. Words aren’t always genuine, for they can be said as well as they can be blown away with the wind. For this matter, it is in every human being’s advantage that there are facial expressions, to expose what words cannot communicate. Strong feelings and emotions such as sadness, fear, grief, disgust, anger, joy, and especially surprise cannot easily expressed with only the use of words. There is a need for gestures and facial expressions in order to produce the emotions significance. Facial expressions come naturally to us. We are gifted with them since birth. A newborn baby doesn’t learn gestures form his/her parents. Newborns aren’t taught how to show pain, but the do, sometimes without even crying or screaming. The gestures they produce correspond their expressions, in this case, screaming or crying. When raising a child, parents tend to condition them to certain behaviors. They teach them what is, and we quote, â€Å"right and wrong.† A parent accustoms his/her child to certain facial expressions. If a parent displays a look of anger, the child immediately knows he/she has done something bad. If a parent displays a look of content, the child knows he/she has or is doing something that is good, or all right by the parent. Someone could easily tell what another person is thinking just by looking at his or her gestures. If you were to see someone smiling, automatically you know that the person is happy or something amuses him/her. It’s the same if the person were frowning and slouching; you’d automatically know that the person is feeling depressed or sad. It’s just the same for expressions of anger, surprise, disgust, or any other expression. If a person a person were to give an expression or gesture portraying anguish or distress at his or her birthday party, you’d instantly know that there’s something wrong with the person...

The Hundred Years War History and Summary

The Hundred Years War History and Summary The Hundred Years War was a series of connected conflicts between England, the Valois kings of France, factions of French nobles and other allies over both claims to the French throne and control of land in France. It ran from 1337 to 1453; you’ve not misread that, it is actually longer than a hundred years; the name derived from nineteenth-century historians and has stuck. Context of the Hundred Years War: English Land in France Tensions between the English and French thrones over continental land dated to 1066 when William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England. His descendants in England had gained further lands in France by the reign of Henry II, who inherited the County of Anjou from his father and control of the Dukedom of Aquitaine through his wife. Tensions simmered between the growing power of the French kings and the great power of their most powerful, and in some eyes equal, English royal vassal, occasionally leading to armed conflict. King John of England lost Normandy, Anjou, and other lands in France in 1204, and his son was forced to sign the Treaty of Paris ceding this land. In return, he received Aquitaine and other territories to be held as a vassal of France. This was one king bowing to another, and there were further wars in 1294 and 1324 when Aquitaine was confiscated by France and won back by the English crown. As the profits from Aquitaine alone rivaled those of England, the region was important  and retained many differences from the rest of France. Origins of the Hundred Years War When Edward III of England came to blows with David Bruce of Scotland in the first half of the fourteenth century, France supported Bruce, raising tensions. These rose further as both Edward and Philip prepared for war, and Philip confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine in May 1337 in order to try and reassert his control. This was the direct start of the Hundred Years War. But what changed this conflict from the disputes over French land earlier was Edward III’s reaction: in 1340 he claimed the throne of France for himself. He had a legitimate right claim- when Charles IV of France had died in 1328 he was childless, and the 15-year-old Edward was a potential heir through his mother’s side, but a French Assembly chose Philip of Valois- but historians don’t know whether he really meant to try for the throne or was just using it as a bargaining chip to either gain land or divide the French nobility. Probably the latter but, either way, he called himself the King of France. Alternate Views As well as a conflict between England and France, the Hundred Years War can also be viewed as a struggle in France between the crown and major nobles for control of key ports and trading areas and equally a struggle between the centralizing authority of the French crown and local laws and independencies. Both are another stage in the development of the collapsing feudal/tenurial relationship between the King-Duke of England and the French King, and the growing power of the French crown/tenurial relationship between the King-Duke of England and the French King, and the growing power of the French crown. Edward III, the Black Prince and English Victories Edward III pursued a twofold attack on France. He worked to gain allies among disaffected French nobles, causing them to break with the Valois kings, or supported these nobles against their rivals. In addition, Edward, his nobles, and later his son- dubbed The Black Prince- led several great armed raids aimed at plundering, terrorizing and destroying French land, in order to enrich themselves and undermine the Valois king. These raids were called chevauchà ©es. French raids on the British coast were dealt a blow by the English naval victory at Sluys. Although the French and English armies often kept their distance, there were set-piece battles, and England won two famous victories at Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), the second capturing the Valois French King John. England had suddenly won a reputation for military success, and France was shocked. With France leaderless, with large parts in rebellion and the rest plagued by mercenary armies, Edward attempted to seize Paris and Rheims, perhaps for a royal coronation. He took neither  but brought the Dauphin- the name for the French heir to the throne - to the negotiating table. The Treaty of Brà ©tigny was signed in 1360 after further invasions: in return for dropping his claim on the throne. Edward won a large and independent Aquitaine, other land and a substantial sum of money. But complications in the text of this agreement allowed both sides to renew their claims later on. French Ascendance and a Pause Tensions rose again as England and France patronized opposing sides in a war for the Castilian crown. Debt from the conflict caused Britain to squeeze Aquitaine, whose nobles turned to France, who in turn confiscated Aquitaine again, and war erupted once more in 1369. The new Valois King of France, the intellectual Charles V, aided by an able guerrilla leader called Bertrand du Guesclin, reconquered much of the English gains while avoiding any large pitch battles with the attacking English forces. The Black Prince died in 1376, and Edward III in 1377, although the latter had been ineffectual in his last years. Even so, the English forces had managed to check the French gains and neither side sought a pitched battle; stalemate was reached. By 1380, the year both Charles V and du Guesclin died, both sides were growing tired of the conflict, and there were only sporadic raids interspersed by truces. England and France were both ruled by minors, and when Richard II of England came of age he reasserted himself over pro-war nobles (and a pro-war nation), suing for peace. Charles VI and his advisors also sought peace, and some went on crusade. Richard then became too tyrannical for his subjects and was deposed, while Charles went insane. French Division and Henry V In the early decades of the fifteenth-century tensions rose again, but this time between two noble houses in France - Burgundy and Orlà ©ans - over the right to govern on behalf of the mad king. This division led to civil war in 1407 after the head of Orlà ©ans was assassinated; the Orlà ©ans side became known as the Armagnacs after their new leader. After a misstep where a treaty was signed between the rebels and England, only for peace to break out in France when the English attacked, in 1415 a new English king seized the opportunity to intervene. This was Henry V, and his first campaign culminated in the most famous battle in English history: Agincourt. Critics might attack Henry for poor decisions which forced him to fight a larger pursing French force, but he won the battle. While this had little immediate effect on his plans for conquering France, the massive boost to his reputation allowed Henry to raise further funds for the war and made him a legend in British history. Henry returned again to France, this time aiming to take and hold land instead of carrying out chevauchà ©es; he soon had Normandy back under control. The Treaty of Troyes and an English King of France The struggles between the houses of Burgundy and Orlà ©ans continued, and even when a meeting was agreed to decide upon anti-English action, they fell out once more. This time John, Duke of Burgundy, was assassinated by one of the Dauphin’s party, and his heir allied with Henry, coming to terms in the Treaty of Troyes in 1420. Henry V of England would marry the daughter of the Valois King, become his heir and act as his regent. In return, England would continue the war against Orlà ©ans and their allies, which included the Dauphin. Decades later, a monk commenting upon the skull of Duke John said: â€Å"This is the hole through which the English entered France.† The Treaty was accepted in English and Burgundian held lands- largely the north of France- but not in the south, where the Valois heir to France was allied with the Orlà ©ans faction. However, in August 1422 Henry died, and the mad French King Charles VI followed soon after. Consequently, Henry’s nine-month-old son became king of both England and France, albeit with recognition largely in the north. Joan of Arc Henry VI’s regents won several victories as they readied for a push into the Orlà ©ans heartland, although their relationship with the Burgundians had grown fractious. By September 1428 they were besieging the town of Orlà ©ans itself, but they suffered a setback when the commanding Earl of Salisbury was killed observing the city. Then a new personality emerged: Joan of Arc. This peasant girl arrived at the Dauphin’s court claiming mystic voices had told her she was on a mission to free France from English forces. Her impact revitalized the moribund opposition, and they broke the siege around Orlà ©ans, defeated the English several times and were able to crown the Dauphin in Rheims cathedral. Joan was captured and executed by her enemies, but opposition in France now had a new king to rally around. After a few years of stalemate, they rallied around the new king when the Duke of Burgundy broke with the English in 1435. After the Congress of Arras, they recognized Charles VII as king. Many believe the Duke had decided England could never truly win France. French and Valois Victory The unification of Orlà ©ans and Burgundy under the Valois crown made an English victory all but impossible, but the war continued. The fighting was halted temporarily in 1444 with a truce and a marriage between Henry VI of England and a French princess. This, and the English government ceding Maine to achieve the truce caused an outcry in England. War soon began again when the English broke the truce. Charles VII had used the peace to reform the French army, and this new model made great advances against English lands on the continent and won the Battle of Formigny in 1450. By the end of 1453, after all, English land bar Calais had been retaken and feared English commander John Talbot had been killed at the Battle of Castillon, the war was effectively over.

As below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

As below - Essay Example been provided under Article 81(3), however these four exceptions to the rule are so broad based and uncertain in their legal application that they do not provide any effective guidance to undertakings on what will and will not be construed to be a restrictive practice under EU law. Moreover, the provisions of this section of Article 81 also face difficulties in their legal application, because they must be enforced by national Courts and there are no effective or clear guidelines that are available to local Courts in judicial interpretation of these exemptions. One option open to local Courts in the event of ambiguity in interpretation is to seek a reference under Article 234, in order that Community decisions are not accepted or rejected in an ad hoc manner by a national Court2. The recent moved by the EU to introduce clear guidelines on the criteria under which block exemptions have been provided to certain groups of undertakings may also be helpful in resolving the uncertainties that both undertakings and judicial authorities have faced in applying the provisions of Article 81(3). Article 81 (3) lays out some exceptions to the provisions of Article 81, where the criterion of anti-competitive practice will not apply. These four conditions that can be applied to undertakings whose activities3 - The European Commission has provided some guidelines for the implementation of the provisions of Article 81(3)4. According to these guidelines, the assessment on application of Article 81(3) is to be carried out in two parts. The first step is to assess whether such an agreement between two or more undertakings is likely to restrict competition. It may be noted that where small undertakings are concerned, the potential for their scope of activity adversely affecting trade between member states is limited. Therefore, according to the objectives of Article 81, the activity would not qualify as incompatible with community law. Hence this should be the first step any

Professional Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Translation - Essay Example This framed Nida's dynamic equivalence which is understanding not only the meaning of the source text but also the manner in which the intended receptors of a text are likely to understand it in the receptor language (Tianmin). In other words, Nida is more concerned in how the receptors would understand or digest the intended message of the original text. Nida has been into biblical translations. One theory of equivalence is that of Vinay and Darbelnet who view equivalence-oriented translation as a procedure which 'replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording' (Kenny: 342). They regard the method as ideal in dealing with proverbs, idioms, clichs, nominal or adjectival phrases and the onomatopoeia of animal sounds. Another theory of equivalence is that of Jakobson, known as the concept of equivalence in difference. Roman Jakobson's study of equivalence gave new impetus to the theoretical analysis of translation since he introduced the notion of 'equivalence in difference' (Jakobson, 1959:232). ... There is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, 'translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes' (Jakobson, p. 233). From a grammatical point of view, languages may differ from one another to a greater or lesser degree, but this does not mean that a translation cannot be possible, meaning that the translator may face the problem of not finding a translation equivalent. Similarities of Vinay and Darbelnet's theory and Jakobson's theory can be found in the fact that both can rely on other procedures such as loan-translations or neologisms whenever linguistic approach is no longer suitable in the translation process. Nida and Taber's formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence is another theory of equivalence. Formal correspondence 'focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content' (Nida and Taber, 1982), unlike dynamic equivalence which is based upon 'the principle of equivalent effect' (1964: 159). Formal correspondence consists of correspondence TL item which represents the closest equivalent of a SL word or phrase. There are not always formal equivalents between language pairs. These formal equivalents should be used wherever possible if the translation aims at achieving formal rather than dynamic equivalence. Nida and Taber assert that formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard' (1964:201). Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the origi nal in such a way that the TL wording will trigger the same